{"id":1789,"date":"2021-06-08T09:55:25","date_gmt":"2021-06-08T08:55:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/?page_id=1789"},"modified":"2026-04-13T09:33:17","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T07:33:17","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"OM book glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>This is the glossary for the book \u201cOutcome measures and evaluation in counselling and psychotherapy\u201d written by myself and Jo-anne Carlyle and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.sagepub.com\/en-gb\/eur\/outcome-measures-and-evaluation-in-counselling-and-psychotherapy\/book244114\">available now from SAGE<\/a>.  I am over 430 entries now and still climbing though now (April 2026) I am concentrating more on harmonising, cleaning up and cross-linking existing entries than I am on adding new ones.  Some glossary entries link to more detailed expansions of the topic in <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/Rblog\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">my Rblog<\/a> and, at last, an increasing number now link with\u00a0<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/shiny.psyctc.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive online (\u201cshiny\u201d) apps<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can see the alphabetical list of entries below which is a good place to browse, or you can use this search box.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"betterdocs-live-search\">\n\t\n\t<form class=\"betterdocs-searchform betterdocs-advance-searchform\">\n\t\t<div class=\"betterdocs-searchform-input-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<svg class=\"docs-search-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" width=\"38px\" viewBox=\"0 0 50 50\" version=\"1.1\">\n\t\t\t\t<g id=\"surface1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<path d=\"M 21 3 C 11.601563 3 4 10.601563 4 20 C 4 29.398438 11.601563 37 21 37 C 24.355469 37 27.460938 36.015625 30.09375 34.34375 L 42.375 46.625 L 46.625 42.375 L 34.5 30.28125 C 36.679688 27.421875 38 23.878906 38 20 C 38 10.601563 30.398438 3 21 3 Z M 21 7 C 28.199219 7 34 12.800781 34 20 C 34 27.199219 28.199219 33 21 33 C 13.800781 33 8 27.199219 8 20 C 8 12.800781 13.800781 7 21 7 Z \"><\/path>\n\t\t\t\t<\/g>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" class=\"betterdocs-search-field\" name=\"s\" aria-label=\"Search Input\" placeholder=\"Search\" autocomplete=\"off\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t<svg class=\"docs-search-loader\" width=\"38\" height=\"38\" viewBox=\"0 0 38 38\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" stroke=\"#444b54\">\n\t\t\t\t<g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(1 1)\" stroke-width=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<circle stroke-opacity=\".5\" cx=\"18\" cy=\"18\" r=\"18\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<path d=\"M36 18c0-9.94-8.06-18-18-18\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"rotate\" from=\"0 18 18\" to=\"360 18 18\" dur=\"1s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/g>\n\t\t\t\t<\/g>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t<svg class=\"docs-search-close\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"38px\" viewBox=\"0 0 128 128\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M64 14A50 50 0 1 0 64 114A50 50 0 1 0 64 14Z\" transform=\"rotate(-45.001 64 64.001)\"><\/path>\n\t\t\t\t<path class=\"close-border\" d=\"M64,117c-14.2,0-27.5-5.5-37.5-15.5c-20.7-20.7-20.7-54.3,0-75C36.5,16.5,49.8,11,64,11c14.2,0,27.5,5.5,37.5,15.5c10,10,15.5,23.3,15.5,37.5s-5.5,27.5-15.5,37.5C91.5,111.5,78.2,117,64,117z M64,17c-12.6,0-24.4,4.9-33.2,13.8c-18.3,18.3-18.3,48.1,0,66.5C39.6,106.1,51.4,111,64,111c12.6,0,24.4-4.9,33.2-13.8S111,76.6,111,64s-4.9-24.4-13.8-33.2S76.6,17,64,17z\"><\/path>\n\t\t\t\t<path class=\"close-line\" d=\"M53.4,77.6c-0.8,0-1.5-0.3-2.1-0.9c-1.2-1.2-1.2-3.1,0-4.2l21.2-21.2c1.2-1.2,3.1-1.2,4.2,0c1.2,1.2,1.2,3.1,0,4.2L55.5,76.7C54.9,77.3,54.2,77.6,53.4,77.6z\"><\/path>\n\t\t\t\t<path class=\"close-line\" d=\"M74.6,77.6c-0.8,0-1.5-0.3-2.1-0.9L51.3,55.5c-1.2-1.2-1.2-3.1,0-4.2c1.2-1.2,3.1-1.2,4.2,0l21.2,21.2c1.2,1.2,1.2,3.1,0,4.2C76.1,77.3,75.4,77.6,74.6,77.6z\"><\/path>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<input\n        type=\"hidden\"\n        value=\"\"\n        class=\"betterdocs-search-kbslug betterdocs-search-submit\"\n        aria-hidden=\"true\">\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" value=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search Submit\" class=\"betterdocs-search-submit\" \/>\n\t<\/form>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p>Beware: the way the search orders the matches is to my mind bizarre so scroll down if what you typed isn\u2019t first on the list, you may find something with exactly the title that is exactly the phrase you typed in to find is hidden down the list of suggestions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If what you want is not there and you think it should be, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/contact-form\/\">contact me<\/a> and tell me and I will put it on the (long!) list of entries to be added!<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"betterdocs-blocks betterdocs-encyclopedia-ovjq2ry betterdocs-pro\">\n<div class=\"betterdocs-encyclopedia-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"betterdocs-laxical-container\">\n        <div class=\"encyclopedia-filter-content\">\n\n            \n<div class=\"encyclopedia-alphabets alphabets-style-box\">\n    <ul class=\"encyclopedia-alphabet-list\">\n        <li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"all\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/\">All<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"A\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=A\">A<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"B\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=B\">B<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"C\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=C\">C<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"D\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=D\">D<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"E\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=E\">E<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"F\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=F\">F<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"G\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=G\">G<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"H\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=H\">H<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"I\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=I\">I<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"J\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=J\">J<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"K\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=K\">K<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"L\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=L\">L<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"M\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=M\">M<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"N\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=N\">N<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"O\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=O\">O<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"P\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=P\">P<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"Q\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=Q\">Q<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"R\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=R\">R<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"S\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=S\">S<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"T\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=T\">T<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"U\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=U\">U<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"V\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=V\">V<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"W\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=W\">W<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"X\"><a class=\"letter-has-no-docs\" href=\"#\">X<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"Y\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=Y\">Y<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"Z\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=Z\">Z<\/a><\/li>    <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"w-dyn-list\">\n                <div class=\"betterdocs-encyclopedia layout-card layout-doc-grid\" id=\"encyclopedia-container\">\n                    <div class='encyclopedia-section-A section-item'><div class=\"letter-start alphabet-big-round-view\" data-scroll-letter=\"A\"><span>A<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Approximation<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Yes, it&#039;s about having &quot;good enough&quot; precision.  Numeric, or numerical, approximation: the way much&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/approximation\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/approximation\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A very simple extension of the ANOVA model.  Instead of analysing the values of&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/analysis-of-covariance-ancova\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/analysis-of-covariance-ancova\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This is a huge family of statistical analyses within the NHST (Null Hypothesis Significance Test&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/analysis-of-variance-anova\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/analysis-of-variance-anova\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Autocorrelation<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">To some extent it&#039;s what it says: how much something correlates with itself but what&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/autocorrelation\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/autocorrelation\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Abstracteeism<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A neologism created by Branca Sa Pires and leapt upon by me in one of&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/abstracteeism\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/abstracteeism\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Attenuation (by unreliability of measurement)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This is the very basic reality that if you have unreliable measures of things, and&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/attenuation-by-unreliability-of-measurement\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/attenuation-by-unreliability-of-measurement\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Accuracy<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">What it means in everyday language really.  It&#039;s one of two parts of observational&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/accuracy\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/accuracy\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Average absolute deviation (AAD)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This is generally used to describe a family of measures of dispersion, i.e. of the&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/average-absolute-deviation-aad\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/average-absolute-deviation-aad\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Alpha<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">First letter of the Greek alphabet. OK, OK, I know you knew that!  It&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/alpha\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/alpha\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Anderson-Darling test<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A good test of distribution fit.  (That&#039;s a graphic from my Rblog post about&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/anderson-darling-test\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/anderson-darling-test\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>    \n\n    <div class=\"encyclopedia-item explore-more-docs\">\n        <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=A\" target=\"_blank\">\n\n            <span>Explore 7 More Docs<\/span>\n            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\n                <path d=\"M7 17L17 7\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n                <path d=\"M8 7L17 7L17 16\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/a>\n\n                    <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=A\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div><div class='encyclopedia-section-B section-item'><div class=\"letter-start alphabet-big-round-view\" data-scroll-letter=\"B\"><span>B<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Bereavement, grief, loss<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Why am I putting this here when it&#039;s obviously either too simple to need expansion&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bereavement-grief-loss\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bereavement-grief-loss\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Bowley\u2019s seven-figure summary<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">One of three &quot;seven-figure&quot; or &quot;seven-number&quot; summaries: i.e. ways of describing a distribution of values&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bowleys-seven-figure-summary\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bowleys-seven-figure-summary\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Bifactor models<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A subset of factor analytic models, not to be confused with 2-factor models.\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\n\nAs with all&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bifactor-models\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bifactor-models\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Between group(s) comparison<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">What it says!  Actually, when you see it, it what is really being done&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/between-groups-comparison\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/between-groups-comparison\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Bonferroni correction<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This is the simplest way to &quot;correct&quot; for the multiple tests problem.\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\n\nRead the multiple tests&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bonferroni-correction\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bonferroni-correction\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Binomial distribution<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This probably doesn&#039;t come up directly all that often in the therapy\/MH literature but it&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/binomial-distribution\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/binomial-distribution\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Bootstrap methods<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Computer intensive statistical methods mainly used to obtain robust estimates of confidence intervals around observed&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bootstrap-methods\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bootstrap-methods\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Boxplot (or box plot)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Sometimes also called a &quot;box and whisker plot&quot;.  This is a excellent way to&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/boxplot-or-box-plot\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/boxplot-or-box-plot\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Barplot \/ bar plot<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">See Histograms and barplots.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/barplot-bar-plot\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/barplot-bar-plot\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Perhaps the most famous and successful therapy self-report instrument ever.  Started with the paper&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/beck-depression-inventory-bdi\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/beck-depression-inventory-bdi\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>    \n\n    <div class=\"encyclopedia-item explore-more-docs\">\n        <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=B\" target=\"_blank\">\n\n            <span>Explore 7 More Docs<\/span>\n            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\n                <path d=\"M7 17L17 7\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n                <path d=\"M8 7L17 7L17 16\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/a>\n\n                    <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=B\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div><div class='encyclopedia-section-C section-item'><div class=\"letter-start alphabet-big-round-view\" data-scroll-letter=\"C\"><span>C<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Cross-loading (factor analysis)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">You&#039;re only likely to see this in reports of exploratory factor analyses of measures.\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\n\nThe term&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/cross-loading-factor-analysis\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/cross-loading-factor-analysis\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Chi squared test<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">You may see this written as &quot;chi-squared&quot;, &quot;chi square&quot;, &quot;chi-square&quot; or &quot;chisquared&quot; or as using&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/chi-squared-test\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/chi-squared-test\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Cronbach&#039;s coefficient alpha<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Despite much criticism, almost all of it criticising people for using Cronbach&#039;s alpha without really&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/cronbachs-coefficient-alpha\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/cronbachs-coefficient-alpha\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Content validity<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This is mainly about typical multi-item nomothetic self-rating questionnaires or rating scales.  Content validity&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/content-validity\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/content-validity\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Cutting points<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">In our field this refers to scores that are deemed to separate &quot;help seeking&quot; and&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/cutting-points\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/cutting-points\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Cluster analysis<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Pretty much what it says: a family of statistical methods that look to see if&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/cluster-analysis\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/cluster-analysis\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Cross-lagged correlation<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">What it says really!  A statistical method that explores the relationship between two variables&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/cross-lagged-correlation\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/cross-lagged-correlation\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Change vs. outcome<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This is just my own pedantry and here to encourage others to think about it&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/change-vs-outcome\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/change-vs-outcome\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Covert vs. overt items<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">The name is pretty accurate: it&#039;s about whether items in self-report questionnaires are overt about&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/covert-vs-overt-items\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/covert-vs-overt-items\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Clinician-reported outcome measures (ClinROMs, CROMs)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">These are a subset of Clinical Outcome Assessments (COAs) and were essentially the only change\/outcome&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/clinician-reported-outcome-measures-clinroms-croms\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/clinician-reported-outcome-measures-clinroms-croms\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>    \n\n    <div class=\"encyclopedia-item explore-more-docs\">\n        <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=C\" target=\"_blank\">\n\n            <span>Explore 46 More Docs<\/span>\n            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\n                <path d=\"M7 17L17 7\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n                <path d=\"M8 7L17 7L17 16\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/a>\n\n                    <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=C\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div><div class='encyclopedia-section-D section-item'><div class=\"letter-start alphabet-big-round-view\" data-scroll-letter=\"D\"><span>D<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Degrees of freedom (d.f.)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A key if slightly slippy idea that comes up in a lot of statistical analyses&#8230;.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/degrees-of-freedom-d-f\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/degrees-of-freedom-d-f\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Different approaches to change measurement<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This came out of doing some recent additions about change measurement and is a bit&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/different-approaches-to-change-measurement\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/different-approaches-to-change-measurement\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">DBRCT = Double Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">[This entry overlaps with many others, see links]\n\n\n\nA randomised controlled trial is a way of&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dbrct-double-blind-randomised-controlled-trial\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dbrct-double-blind-randomised-controlled-trial\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Derangement(s)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Things are deranged if they are out of order.  Interestingly, whether we can put&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/derangements\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/derangements\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">DALYs: Disability Adjusted Life Years<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">OK, time I dived into health economic terms!\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\n\nDALYs are an extension  of QALYs: Quality&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dalys-disability-adjusted-life-years\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dalys-disability-adjusted-life-years\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Dichotomisation<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This is the extremely common situation in which we convert a continuous measurement into a&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dichotomisation\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dichotomisation\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Domains, dimensions, components and factors<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This is my way of clarifying some terms that are often thrown around in psychometrics&#8230;.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/domains-dimensions-components-and-factors\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/domains-dimensions-components-and-factors\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Dose response<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">One of too many terms that have been pulled across from physical health medicine and&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dose-response\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dose-response\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Descriptive statistics<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This covers statistical methods of summarising a dataset that aim only to summarise the data&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/descriptive-statistics\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/descriptive-statistics\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Discriminant validity<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">With convergent validity, this is part of concurrent validity, it&#039;s whether values on a measure&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/divergent-discriminant-validity\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/divergent-discriminant-validity\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>    \n\n    <div class=\"encyclopedia-item explore-more-docs\">\n        <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=D\" target=\"_blank\">\n\n            <span>Explore 10 More Docs<\/span>\n            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\n                <path d=\"M7 17L17 7\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n                <path d=\"M8 7L17 7L17 16\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/a>\n\n                    <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=D\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div><div class='encyclopedia-section-E section-item'><div class=\"letter-start alphabet-big-round-view\" data-scroll-letter=\"E\"><span>E<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Eigenvalue<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">The only places you find this term, which means &quot;own value&quot; from German, is in&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/eigenvalue\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/eigenvalue\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Efficiency<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">One of the 3 E\u2019s from the hugely influential monograph: Cochrane, A. L. (1972). Effectiveness&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/efficiency\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/efficiency\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Effectiveness<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">One of the 3 E&#039;s from the hugely influential monograph: Cochrane, A. L. (1972). Effectiveness&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/effectiveness-2\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/effectiveness-2\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Efficacy (part of the 3 Es)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">My &quot;three E&#039;s&quot; are Efficacy, Effectiveness and Efficiency which were the central theme of a&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/efficacy-part-of-the-3-es\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/efficacy-part-of-the-3-es\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This refers to collection of data from participants at various times of day in their&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/ecological-momentary-assessment-ema\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/ecological-momentary-assessment-ema\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A statistical approach that hopes to simplify multivariate data, i.e. data where we have values&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/exploratory-factor-analysis-efa\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/exploratory-factor-analysis-efa\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">EPO-1<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A single item, five level, change\/outcome measure proposed for adoption within the European Psychotherapy Consortium&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/epo-1\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/epo-1\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">European Psychotherapy Consortium (EPoC)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A coalition\/consortium arising out of the Society for Psychotherapy Research meeting in 2022 and formalised&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/european-psychotherapy-consortium-epoc\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/european-psychotherapy-consortium-epoc\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">Exploratory data analysis (EDA)<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A statistical approach, methodology, inspired by John Tukey.  Tukey was something of a polymath&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/exploratory-data-analysis-eda\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/exploratory-data-analysis-eda\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text\">EQ-5D-5L<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Probably the dominant quality of life measure, distributed by Euroqol and free for non-commercial use&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/eq-5d-5l\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/eq-5d-5l\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>    \n\n    <div class=\"encyclopedia-item explore-more-docs\">\n        <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=E\" target=\"_blank\">\n\n            <span>Explore 13 More Docs<\/span>\n            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\n                <path d=\"M7 17L17 7\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n                <path d=\"M8 7L17 7L17 16\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/a>\n\n                    <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=E\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div>                <\/div>\n\n                \n    <div class=\"loadmoreBtn-container\">\n        <div class=\"encyclopedia-loadmore-btn loadMoreBtn\" data-total-section-pages=\"5\" data-control-attributes=\"eyJkb2Nfc3R5bGUiOiJkb2MtZ3JpZCIsImRpY3Rpb25hcnlfZG9jc19wZXJfcGFnZSI6IjEwIiwiZGljdGlvbmFyeV9sb2FkbW9yZSI6dHJ1ZSwiZG9jc19sb2FkbW9yZSI6dHJ1ZSwiY3VycmVudF9sZXR0ZXIiOm51bGwsInNob3duX3NlY3Rpb25zIjo1LCJ0b3RhbF9zZWN0aW9uX3BhZ2VzIjo1LCJ0b3RhbF9kb2NfcGFnZXMiOjAsInN0YXJ0X2xldHRlcl9zdHlsZSI6ImFscGhhYmV0LWJpZy1yb3VuZC12aWV3IiwiZGljdGlvbmFyeV9sb2FkbW9yZV9idXR0b25fdGV4dCI6Ik1vcmUiLCJkaWN0aW9uYXJ5X2xlYXJuX21vcmVfdGV4dCI6Ik1vcmUiLCJkaWN0aW9uYXJ5X2V4cGxvcmVfbW9yZV90ZXh0IjoiRXhwbG9yZSBbY291bnRdIE1vcmUgRG9jcyJ9\">More<\/div>    <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Creation date lost, updated 19.v.24 to add the new BetterDocs &#8220;encyclopedia&#8221; listing of entries, tweaks 13.iv.26. Author CE; this page and all glossary contents are copyright to me so <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/contact-me\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1150\">contact me<\/a> if you want to quote from them (I&#8217;m sure I&#8217;ll agree!). That may change to a Creative Commons licence later when I am happier with the content.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is the glossary for the book \u201cOutcome measures and evaluation in counselling and psychotherapy\u201d written by myself and Jo-anne Carlyle and\u00a0available now from SAGE. I am over 430 entries now and still climbing though now (April 2026) I am concentrating more on harmonising, cleaning up and cross-linking existing entries than I am on adding &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">OM book glossary<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1292,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1789","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1789"}],"version-history":[{"count":37,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1789\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5353,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1789\/revisions\/5353"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}