{"id":1789,"date":"2021-06-08T09:55:25","date_gmt":"2021-06-08T08:55:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/?page_id=1789"},"modified":"2026-09-29T14:13:48","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T12:13:48","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"OM book glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the glossary for the book \u201cOutcome measures and evaluation in counselling and psychotherapy\u201d written by myself and Jo-anne Carlyle and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.sagepub.com\/en-gb\/eur\/outcome-measures-and-evaluation-in-counselling-and-psychotherapy\/book244114\">available now from SAGE<\/a>.  I am over 430 entries now and still climbing though now (April 2026) I am concentrating more on harmonising, cleaning up and cross-linking existing entries than I am on adding new ones.  Some glossary entries link to more detailed expansions of the topic in <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/Rblog\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">my Rblog<\/a> and, at last, an increasing number now link with&nbsp;<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/shiny.psyctc.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive online (\u201cshiny\u201d) apps<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can see the alphabetical list of entries below which is a good place to browse, or you can use this search box.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"betterdocs-live-search\">\n\t\n\t<form class=\"betterdocs-searchform betterdocs-advance-searchform\">\n\t\t<div class=\"betterdocs-searchform-input-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<svg class=\"docs-search-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" width=\"38px\" viewBox=\"0 0 50 50\" version=\"1.1\">\n\t\t\t\t<g id=\"surface1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<path d=\"M 21 3 C 11.601563 3 4 10.601563 4 20 C 4 29.398438 11.601563 37 21 37 C 24.355469 37 27.460938 36.015625 30.09375 34.34375 L 42.375 46.625 L 46.625 42.375 L 34.5 30.28125 C 36.679688 27.421875 38 23.878906 38 20 C 38 10.601563 30.398438 3 21 3 Z M 21 7 C 28.199219 7 34 12.800781 34 20 C 34 27.199219 28.199219 33 21 33 C 13.800781 33 8 27.199219 8 20 C 8 12.800781 13.800781 7 21 7 Z \"><\/path>\n\t\t\t\t<\/g>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" class=\"betterdocs-search-field\" name=\"s\" aria-label=\"Search Input\" placeholder=\"Search\" autocomplete=\"off\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t<svg class=\"docs-search-loader\" width=\"38\" height=\"38\" viewBox=\"0 0 38 38\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" stroke=\"#444b54\">\n\t\t\t\t<g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(1 1)\" stroke-width=\"2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<circle stroke-opacity=\".5\" cx=\"18\" cy=\"18\" r=\"18\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<path d=\"M36 18c0-9.94-8.06-18-18-18\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"rotate\" from=\"0 18 18\" to=\"360 18 18\" dur=\"1s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/g>\n\t\t\t\t<\/g>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t<svg class=\"docs-search-close\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"38px\" viewBox=\"0 0 128 128\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M64 14A50 50 0 1 0 64 114A50 50 0 1 0 64 14Z\" transform=\"rotate(-45.001 64 64.001)\"><\/path>\n\t\t\t\t<path class=\"close-border\" d=\"M64,117c-14.2,0-27.5-5.5-37.5-15.5c-20.7-20.7-20.7-54.3,0-75C36.5,16.5,49.8,11,64,11c14.2,0,27.5,5.5,37.5,15.5c10,10,15.5,23.3,15.5,37.5s-5.5,27.5-15.5,37.5C91.5,111.5,78.2,117,64,117z M64,17c-12.6,0-24.4,4.9-33.2,13.8c-18.3,18.3-18.3,48.1,0,66.5C39.6,106.1,51.4,111,64,111c12.6,0,24.4-4.9,33.2-13.8S111,76.6,111,64s-4.9-24.4-13.8-33.2S76.6,17,64,17z\"><\/path>\n\t\t\t\t<path class=\"close-line\" d=\"M53.4,77.6c-0.8,0-1.5-0.3-2.1-0.9c-1.2-1.2-1.2-3.1,0-4.2l21.2-21.2c1.2-1.2,3.1-1.2,4.2,0c1.2,1.2,1.2,3.1,0,4.2L55.5,76.7C54.9,77.3,54.2,77.6,53.4,77.6z\"><\/path>\n\t\t\t\t<path class=\"close-line\" d=\"M74.6,77.6c-0.8,0-1.5-0.3-2.1-0.9L51.3,55.5c-1.2-1.2-1.2-3.1,0-4.2c1.2-1.2,3.1-1.2,4.2,0l21.2,21.2c1.2,1.2,1.2,3.1,0,4.2C76.1,77.3,75.4,77.6,74.6,77.6z\"><\/path>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" value=\"Search\" aria-label=\"Search Submit\" class=\"betterdocs-search-submit\" \/>\n\t<\/form>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beware if you are searching, the way that the plugin orders the matches is to my mind bizarre so scroll down if what you typed isn\u2019t first on the list, you may find something with exactly the word or phrase you typed in to find is hidden further down the list of suggestions.  As of 29.ix.26 the plugin authors are aware and working on this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As to the content, if a topic you want is not there and you think it should be, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/contact-form\/\">contact me<\/a> and tell me and I will put it on the (long!) list of entries to be added!<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"betterdocs-blocks betterdocs-encyclopedia-ovjq2ry betterdocs-pro\">\n<div class=\"betterdocs-encyclopedia-wrapper\">\n        <div class=\"betterdocs-laxical-container\">\n        <div class=\"encyclopedia-filter-content\">\n\n            \n<div class=\"encyclopedia-alphabets alphabets-style-box\">\n    <ul class=\"encyclopedia-alphabet-list\">\n        <li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"all\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/\">All<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"A\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=A\">A<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"B\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=B\">B<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"C\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=C\">C<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"D\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=D\">D<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"E\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=E\">E<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"F\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=F\">F<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"G\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=G\">G<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"H\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=H\">H<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"I\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=I\">I<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"J\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=J\">J<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"K\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=K\">K<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"L\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=L\">L<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"M\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=M\">M<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"N\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=N\">N<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"O\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=O\">O<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"P\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=P\">P<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"Q\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=Q\">Q<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"R\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=R\">R<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"S\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=S\">S<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"T\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=T\">T<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"U\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=U\">U<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"V\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=V\">V<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"W\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=W\">W<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"X\"><a class=\"letter-has-no-docs\" href=\"#\">X<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"Y\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=Y\">Y<\/a><\/li><li class=\"alphabet-list-item\" data-letter=\"Z\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/?encyclopedia_prefix=Z\">Z<\/a><\/li>    <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"w-dyn-list\">\n                <div class=\"betterdocs-encyclopedia layout-card layout-doc-grid\" id=\"encyclopedia-container\">\n                    <div class='encyclopedia-section-A section-item'><div class=\"letter-start alphabet-big-round-view\" data-scroll-letter=\"A\"><span>A<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Abstracteeism<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A neologism created by Branca Sa Pires and leapt upon by me in one of&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/abstracteeism\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/abstracteeism\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Accuracy<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">What it means in everyday language really.  It&#039;s one of two parts of observational&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/accuracy\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/accuracy\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Age<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">We all know what age is so why put it here?!  \n\n\n\nBecause it&#039;s a&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/age\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/age\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Aggregation<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Aggregation in OM refers to the bringing together of data for the purposes of statistical&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/aggregation\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/aggregation\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Alpha<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">First letter of the Greek alphabet. OK, OK, I know you knew that!  It&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/alpha\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/alpha\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Alternative (alternate) hypothesis<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">The logical alternative to the null hypothesis in NHST (Null Hypothesis Significance Testing).  At&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/alternative-alternate-hypothesis\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/alternative-alternate-hypothesis\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A very simple extension of the ANOVA model.  Instead of analysing the values of&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/analysis-of-covariance-ancova\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/analysis-of-covariance-ancova\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This is a huge family of statistical analyses within the NHST (Null Hypothesis Significance Test&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/analysis-of-variance-anova\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/analysis-of-variance-anova\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Anderson-Darling test<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A good test of distribution fit.  (That&#039;s a graphic from my Rblog post about&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/anderson-darling-test\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/anderson-darling-test\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"A\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Anonymisation<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This sounds obvious doesn&#039;t it and it also seems obvious that clients, and research participants,&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/anonymisation\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/anonymisation\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>    \n\n    <div class=\"encyclopedia-item explore-more-docs\">\n        <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=A\" target=\"_blank\">\n\n            <span>Explore 7 More Docs<\/span>\n            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\n                <path d=\"M7 17L17 7\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n                <path d=\"M8 7L17 7L17 16\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/a>\n\n                    <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=A\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div><div class='encyclopedia-section-B section-item'><div class=\"letter-start alphabet-big-round-view\" data-scroll-letter=\"B\"><span>B<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Barplot \/ bar plot<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">See Histograms and barplots.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/barplot-bar-plot\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/barplot-bar-plot\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">The BAI is a (Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., &amp; Steer, R. A&#8230;.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/beck-anxiety-inventory-bai\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/beck-anxiety-inventory-bai\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Perhaps the most famous and successful therapy self-report instrument ever.  Started with the paper&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/beck-depression-inventory-bdi\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/beck-depression-inventory-bdi\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Bereavement, grief, loss<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Why am I putting this here when it&#039;s obviously either too simple to need expansion&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bereavement-grief-loss\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bereavement-grief-loss\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Between group(s) comparison<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">What it says! Actually, when you see it, it what is really being done is&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/between-groups-comparison\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/between-groups-comparison\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Between groups tests<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">The complement to paired, or within person tests.  See Paired tests and Between group(s)&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/between-groups-tests\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/between-groups-tests\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Bias<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Bias is anything that that results in a conclusion or finding that is not the&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bias\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bias\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Bifactor models<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A subset of factor analytic models, not to be confused with 2-factor models.\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\n\nAs with all&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bifactor-models\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/bifactor-models\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Binomial distribution<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This probably doesn&#039;t come up directly all that often in the therapy\/MH literature but it&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/binomial-distribution\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/binomial-distribution\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"B\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Blinding<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Blinding refers to concealing or masking group allocation in controlled trials. For example, participants are&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/blinding\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/blinding\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>    \n\n    <div class=\"encyclopedia-item explore-more-docs\">\n        <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=B\" target=\"_blank\">\n\n            <span>Explore 7 More Docs<\/span>\n            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\n                <path d=\"M7 17L17 7\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n                <path d=\"M8 7L17 7L17 16\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/a>\n\n                    <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=B\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div><div class='encyclopedia-section-C section-item'><div class=\"letter-start alphabet-big-round-view\" data-scroll-letter=\"C\"><span>C<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Card sort methods<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">There are a range of card sort methodologies in various disciplines, but they share asking&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/card-sort-methods\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/card-sort-methods\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Categorical\/nominal data\/scaling<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This is about Stevens&#039; typology of scales and it&#039;s probably the only bit of his&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/categorical-nominal-data-scaling\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/categorical-nominal-data-scaling\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Causality &amp; causal attribution<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Perhaps it&#039;s understandable that work committed to helping with human misery and self-destructiveness should want&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/causality-causal-attribution\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/causality-causal-attribution\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Ceiling effect<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">In OM this refers to most people choosing the maximum possible score on an item&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/ceiling-effect\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/ceiling-effect\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Cell and cell size<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Mostly &quot;cell&quot; in statistical work refers to a group of observations sharing two or more&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/cell-and-cell-size\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/cell-and-cell-size\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Censored data<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Censored data exists when the value of an observation is not fully known but is&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/censored-data\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/censored-data\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Census<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A true or complete census is a complete dataset about a field of interest. &#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/census\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/census\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Centiles<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Synonym of &quot;percentiles&quot; and another name of quantiles really.\n\n\n\nChapters\n\n\n\nChapter 5\n\n\n\nSee also\n\n\n\nMuch more detail in the&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/centiles\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/centiles\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Central location<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A statistic for data from a continuous variable that summarise what it says: central location&#8230;.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/central-location\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/central-location\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"C\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Centring\/Centering<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A bit esoteric but you may meet it in reports, particularly those using multi-level modelling&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/centring-centering\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/centring-centering\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>    \n\n    <div class=\"encyclopedia-item explore-more-docs\">\n        <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=C\" target=\"_blank\">\n\n            <span>Explore 47 More Docs<\/span>\n            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\n                <path d=\"M7 17L17 7\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n                <path d=\"M8 7L17 7L17 16\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/a>\n\n                    <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=C\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div><div class='encyclopedia-section-D section-item'><div class=\"letter-start alphabet-big-round-view\" data-scroll-letter=\"D\"><span>D<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">DALYs: Disability Adjusted Life Years<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">OK, time I dived into health economic terms!\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\n\nDALYs are an extension  of QALYs: Quality&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dalys-disability-adjusted-life-years\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dalys-disability-adjusted-life-years\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Data protection<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Well of course you&#039;d look after your data wouldn&#039;t you?  You don&#039;t want anyone&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/data-protection\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/data-protection\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Dataset and database<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">See sample to read why I think we should be using &quot;dataset&quot; instead of &quot;sample&quot;.\n\n\n\nA&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dataset-and-database\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dataset-and-database\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">DBRCT = Double Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">[This entry overlaps with many others, see links]\n\n\n\nA randomised controlled trial is a way of&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dbrct-double-blind-randomised-controlled-trial\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dbrct-double-blind-randomised-controlled-trial\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">De-anonymisation<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Synonym of re-identification, see, anonymisation, pseudonymisation, confidentiality and smallest identical subset for more on this&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/de-anonymisation\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/de-anonymisation\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Degrees of freedom (d.f.)<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">A key if slightly slippy idea that comes up in a lot of statistical analyses&#8230;.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/degrees-of-freedom-d-f\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/degrees-of-freedom-d-f\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Dependent variable<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Though there are statistical methods that handle relationships between many variables, very often we look&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dependent-variable\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/dependent-variable\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Derangement(s)<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Things are deranged if they are out of order.  Interestingly, whether we can put&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/derangements\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/derangements\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Descriptive statistics<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This covers statistical methods of summarising a dataset that aim only to summarise the data&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/descriptive-statistics\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/descriptive-statistics\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"D\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Diagnosis<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Clearly the idea comes out of medicine and what is sometimes called &quot;the medical model&quot;&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/diagnosis\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/diagnosis\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>    \n\n    <div class=\"encyclopedia-item explore-more-docs\">\n        <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=D\" target=\"_blank\">\n\n            <span>Explore 10 More Docs<\/span>\n            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\n                <path d=\"M7 17L17 7\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n                <path d=\"M8 7L17 7L17 16\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/a>\n\n                    <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=D\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div><div class='encyclopedia-section-E section-item'><div class=\"letter-start alphabet-big-round-view\" data-scroll-letter=\"E\"><span>E<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Early termination<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Like &quot;attrition&quot; a seemingly polite term for opting out that hides the client&#039;s autonomy and&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/early-termination\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/early-termination\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Eating attitudes test (EAT)<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Two self-report questionnaires designed to tap into problematic attitudes common in eating disorders.  \n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\n\nThe&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/eating-attitudes-test-eat\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/eating-attitudes-test-eat\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">ECM (Embedded Change Measurement)<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">As we say in Chapter 1:&quot;We will use ECM to describe the process when OMs&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/ecm-embedded-change-measurement\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/ecm-embedded-change-measurement\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Ecological fallacy<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Rather a pompous but lovely term for a very common mistake.  It means assuming&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/ecological-fallacy\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/ecological-fallacy\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">This refers to collection of data from participants at various times of day in their&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/ecological-momentary-assessment-ema\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/ecological-momentary-assessment-ema\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Effect size<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">Effect size measures are a way to separate the strength of an effect.  An&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/effect-size\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/effect-size\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Effectiveness<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">One of the 3 E&#039;s from the hugely influential monograph: Cochrane, A. L. (1972). Effectiveness&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/effectiveness-2\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/effectiveness-2\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Efficacy (part of the 3 Es)<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">My &quot;three E&#039;s&quot; are Efficacy, Effectiveness and Efficiency which were the central theme of a&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/efficacy-part-of-the-3-es\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/efficacy-part-of-the-3-es\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Efficiency<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">One of the 3 E\u2019s from the hugely influential monograph: Cochrane, A. L. (1972). Effectiveness&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/efficiency\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/efficiency\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"encyclopedia-item\" data-first-letter=\"E\">\n    <div class=\"tools-card\">\n        <div class=\"top-tools-card\">\n            <h2 class=\"heading-small tools-card__title-text encyclopedia-item-title-tag\">Eigenvalue<\/h2>            <p class=\"text-size-small tools-card__sample-text\">The only places you find this term, which means &quot;own value&quot; from German, is in&#8230;<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"tools-card_link-container\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/eigenvalue\" class=\"text-style-link\">More<\/a>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"text-style-link tools-card_arrow\">\u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/glossary2\/eigenvalue\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>    \n\n    <div class=\"encyclopedia-item explore-more-docs\">\n        <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=E\" target=\"_blank\">\n\n            <span>Explore 16 More Docs<\/span>\n            <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\">\n                <path d=\"M7 17L17 7\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n                <path d=\"M8 7L17 7L17 16\" stroke=\"#667085\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/a>\n\n                    <a href=\"?encyclopedia_prefix=E\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"tools-card__link-block w-inline-block\"><\/a>\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div>                <\/div>\n\n                \n    <div class=\"loadmoreBtn-container\">\n        <div class=\"encyclopedia-loadmore-btn loadMoreBtn\" data-total-section-pages=\"5\" data-control-attributes=\"eyJkb2Nfc3R5bGUiOiJkb2MtZ3JpZCIsImRpY3Rpb25hcnlfZG9jc19wZXJfcGFnZSI6IjEwIiwiZGljdGlvbmFyeV9sb2FkbW9yZSI6dHJ1ZSwiZG9jc19sb2FkbW9yZSI6dHJ1ZSwiY3VycmVudF9sZXR0ZXIiOm51bGwsInNob3duX3NlY3Rpb25zIjo1LCJ0b3RhbF9zZWN0aW9uX3BhZ2VzIjo1LCJ0b3RhbF9kb2NfcGFnZXMiOjAsInN0YXJ0X2xldHRlcl9zdHlsZSI6ImFscGhhYmV0LWJpZy1yb3VuZC12aWV3IiwiZGljdGlvbmFyeV9sb2FkbW9yZV9idXR0b25fdGV4dCI6Ik1vcmUiLCJkaWN0aW9uYXJ5X2xlYXJuX21vcmVfdGV4dCI6Ik1vcmUiLCJkaWN0aW9uYXJ5X2V4cGxvcmVfbW9yZV90ZXh0IjoiRXhwbG9yZSBbY291bnRdIE1vcmUgRG9jcyIsIml0ZW1faGVhZGluZ190YWciOiJoMiJ9\">More<\/div>    <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Creation date lost, last updated 19.ix.26. Author CE; this page and all glossary contents are copyright to me so <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/contact-me\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1150\">contact me<\/a> if you want to quote from them (I&#8217;m sure I&#8217;ll agree!). That may change to a Creative Commons licence later when I am happier with the content.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is the glossary for the book \u201cOutcome measures and evaluation in counselling and psychotherapy\u201d written by myself and Jo-anne Carlyle and&nbsp;available now from SAGE. I am over 430 entries now and still climbing though now (April 2026) I am concentrating more on harmonising, cleaning up and cross-linking existing entries than I am on adding &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/book\/glossary\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">OM book glossary<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1292,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1789","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1789"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1789\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5481,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1789\/revisions\/5481"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.psyctc.org\/psyctc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}