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All OM book glossary entries
- “Acting out”
- “Big data”
- “Dropping out”
- “Hard” measures
- “Normal” distribution
- “NS”, “p > .05”, “non-significant”
- “Soft” measures
- “SPIN and SNOUT” in screening
- (Pre)registration
- Accuracy
- Age
- Aggregation
- Alpha
- Alternative (alternate) hypothesis
- Anderson-Darling test
- Anonymisation
- Attenuation (by unreliability of measurement)
- Attrition
- Audit, Clinical Audit
- Authenticity Scale (AS)
- Average absolute deviation (AAD)
- Barplot / bar plot
- Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
- Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
- Between group(s) comparison
- Between groups tests
- Bias
- Binomial distribution
- Blinding
- Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ)
- Bonferroni correction
- Bootstrap methods
- Bootstrap, Bootstrapping
- Boxplot (or box plot)
- Bulimia Investigatory Test Edinburgh (BITE)
- Card sort methods
- Categorical/nominal data/scaling
- Causality & causal attribution
- Ceiling effect
- Cell and cell size
- Censored data
- Census
- Centiles
- Central location
- Centring/Centering
- Change
- Chaos, chaos theory
- Classical Test Theory (CTT)
- Clinical/non-clinical
- Clinically significant change (CSC)
- Cochrane (collaboration, library)
- Cohen’s d
- Cohen’s kappa
- Common factors
- Compass
- Composite scores
- Computer intensive statistics/methods
- Concurrent validity
- Confidence intervals (CIs)
- Confidentiality
- Confirmatory factor analysis
- Confounding
- Controlled trials
- Convergent validity
- Copyleft
- Copyright
- CORC: Child Outcomes Research Consortium
- CORE instruments
- CORE measures
- CORE system
- CORE-10
- Protected: CORE-14-DD
- CORE-6D
- CORE-OM
- CORE: Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation
- Corrected item-total correlations (CITCs)
- Correlation
- Cramer von Mises test
- Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI)
- Cumulative distribution
- DALYs: Disability Adjusted Life Years
- Data protection
- Dataset and database
- De-anonymisation
- Dependent variable
- Descriptive statistics
- Diagnosis
- Dichotomisation
- Discrete measures/variables
- Dispersion
- Distribution
- Distribution shape
- Divergent/discriminant validity
- Domains, dimensions, components and factors
- Dose response
- Double blind
- Early termination
- Eating attitudes test (EAT)
- ECM (Embedded Change Measurement)
- Effect size
- Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function (ECDF)
- Empirical research
- Employee assistance programmes (EAPs)
- EPO-1
- ePROVIDE
- EQ-5D-5L
- Error
- Estimate, estimation
- ESTs (Empirically Supported Treatments)
- Ethnicity
- European Psychotherapy Consortium (EPoC)
- Expectancy effects
- Exploratory data analysis (EDA)
- Face validity
- Factor analysis
- False discovery rate
- False negative (in screening)
- False negative rate/risk (inferential testing)
- False positive (in screening)
- False positive rate/risk (inferential testing)
- Floor and ceiling effects
- Frailty analysis/models
- Gaussian (“Normal”) distribution
- Gender
- Gender categories (in quantitative research)
- Generalisability
- GHQ: General Health Questionnaire
- Glasgow Anxiety Scale
- Glasgow Depression Scale
- Goal attainment scaling
- GULP
- Health Economics
- Hedges’s g
- Heteroscedasticity
- Hierarchical linear models/modelling (HLM)
- Histograms and barplots
- Homoscedasticity
- Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
- Hybrid measures
- Idiographic measure, Idiographic methods
- Idiographic vs. nomothetic: history
- Imputation
- Independence of observations
- Independent variable
- Inferential testing, “tests”
- Informed consent
- Intention to treat (ITT) analyses
- Inter-quartile range (IQR)
- Inter-rater agreement/reliability
- Interaction
- Intercept
- Internal vs. external analyses
- Interval censored data
- Interval scaling
- Interview measures
- Invalidity
- Investigator bias/allegiance
- IPD: Individual Participant/Patient Data
- Jackknife (jack-knife) method
- Jacobson plot
- Jittering
- Kappa
- Kendall correlation coefficient
- Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
- LD-CORE
- Left censored data
- Linear versus non-linear processes/relationships
- MAPI trust
- Marginalised client groups
- Maximum
- MCAR: Missing Completely At Random
- McDonald’s Omega
- Mean (arithmetic mean, average)
- Mean Squared Error (MSE)
- Measure
- Median
- Medical model
- Methodology
- MICE: Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations
- Minimum
- Missing values, “missingness”
- Mixture models
- Modality
- Mode, modal value
- Monotonic relationship
- Multidimensional scaling (MDS)
- Multilevel Models/Modelling (MLM)
- Multiple tests problem
- n > 5 rule
- Nested data, nesting
- Nocebo effect
- Nomothetic measures, Nomothetic data
- Non-parametric “tests”
- Notched box plot
- NPV (Negative Predictive Value)
- Null hypothesis
- Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) paradigm
- Number Needed to Treat (NNT) and Number Needed to Harm (NNH)
- Observation
- Omitted variable
- Open access
- Open data
- Open peer review
- Open source software
- Opting out
- OQ (Outcome Questionnaire) system
- Ordinal scaling
- Orthogonal
- Outlier
- Overprinting
- p value
- Paired or within person tests
- Parametric “tests”
- PBE: Practice Based Evidence
- Pearson correlation coefficient
- Peer reviewing / peer reviews
- Percentiles
- Person’s Relating to Others Questionnaire (PROQ)
- Phobia scales (IAPT)
- Placebo effect (and placebos)
- Population
- Post hoc hypothesis
- PPV (Positive Predictive Value)
- Practice Research Network (PRN)
- Pre hoc hypothesis
- Precision
- Predictive validity
- Predictive value
- Predictor variable
- Principal/Chief investigator
- PROQOLID
- Protocol paper
- Proxy measure
- Pseudonymisation
- PSYCHLOPS (Psychological Outcome Profiles)
- Publication bias
- qq (quantile-quantile) plot
- Qualitative psychometrics
- Quantiles
- Quartiles
- R project
- Random coefficients regression
- Randomisation
- Randomised controlled trial (RCT)
- Range
- Range restriction
- Ranking
- Rating scales
- Ratio scale/scaling
- RDBMS: Relational Database Management System
- Re-identification
- Rectangular data
- Regression and linear regression
- Relational Depth Frequency Scale (RDFS)
- Reliability
- Reliable Change Index (RCI)
- Repeated measures (tests)
- Repertory grid
- ReQoL (Recovering Quality of Life)
- Research
- Research fraud and research integrity
- Researcher equipoise
- Right censored data
- Robustness & robust tests
- Sample
- Sample size, n
- Sampling and sample frame
- Scatterplot/scattergram
- Schwartz Outcome Scale-10 (SOS-10)
- SCORE-15 (Systemic CORE)
- Scoring
- Screening
- Self-report measure
- Sensitivity (in screening)
- Sensitivity analyses
- Sensitivity to change
- Shapiro-Francia test
- Shapiro-Wilk test
- Shiny (server & apps)
- Simulation
- Skew (skew distribution)
- Slope (in linear regression)
- Smallest identical subset
- SMART principles
- Sobel’s test
- Society for Psychotherapy Research
- Spearman correlation coefficient
- Spearman-Brown formula
- Specificity (in screening)
- Spread
- SPSS
- Square root
- Standard Deviation (SD)
- Standardising/normalising
- Statistic
- Statistical power
- Statistical software
- Stevens’ levels of measurement
- Stochastic
- Strathclyde Inventory
- Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
- Subpopulation
- Subset/subgroup
- Survival analysis
- t-scores
- Test-retest effect/artefact/artifact
- Test-retest reliability
- Tests of fit to a distribution
- The “third sector”
- Thought experiment (Gedankenexperimenten)
- Tidyverse
- Ties
- Transforming data/variable(s)
- Triple/treble blind
- Type I censoring
- Type I error
- Type II censored data
- Type II error
- Uniform distribution
- Usability
- User generated measures
- Validity
- Values based evidence (VBE)
- Variable
- Variance: computation and bias
- Variance: introduction
- Violin plot (or violinplot)
- Visual analogue scale (VAS)
- Within subjects/participants tests
- Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS)
- YP-CORE
- z-scores/z-transforming